How To Grow Monarda

Monarda, commonly known as bee balm, is a vibrant, aromatic perennial belonging to the mint family. Known for its unique, shaggy blooms and ability to attract pollinators, Monarda is a popular choice for UK gardeners aiming to create a lively and colourful garden. This article delves into the history, best varieties, growing techniques, propagation methods, care tips, and common problems associated with Monarda in the UK.

History of Monarda

Monarda was named after Nicolás Monardes, a Spanish physician and botanist who published works in the 16th century describing plants of the New World. Native to North America, Monarda has been used for centuries by indigenous peoples for its medicinal properties. European settlers quickly adopted its use, and today it is widely grown for both its ornamental and therapeutic benefits.

Best Varieties of Monarda for the UK

There are several varieties of Monarda suitable for the UK climate, each offering unique characteristics:

1. Monarda didyma (Scarlet Bee Balm): Known for its striking red flowers, it is a favourite among hummingbirds, although in the UK, it will more commonly attract bees and butterflies.
2. Monarda fistulosa (Wild Bergamot): This variety features lavender to pink blooms and is often used in wildflower gardens.
3. Monarda citriodora (Lemon Bee Balm): With a delightful lemon scent, this variety is ideal for culinary uses.
4. Monarda ‘Jacob Cline’: A cultivar noted for its mildew resistance and large, vibrant red flowers.
5. Monarda ‘Raspberry Wine’: Offers deep wine-red blooms and is a robust, mildew-resistant variety.

How to Grow Monarda in the UK

Growing Monarda is relatively straightforward, making it a great addition for both novice and experienced UK gardeners.

Site Selection

Monarda thrives in full sun to partial shade. Choose a location that receives at least 6 hours of sunlight daily. While it can tolerate some shade, too much will result in fewer blooms.

Soil Requirements

Monarda prefers well-draining soil that is rich in organic matter. It can tolerate a range of soil types but performs best in slightly acidic to neutral soil (pH 6.0-7.0). Incorporate plenty of compost or well-rotted manure into the soil before planting.

Planting

1. Timing: Plant Monarda in spring or autumn.
2. Spacing: Space plants 45-60 cm (18-24 inches) apart to ensure good air circulation, which helps prevent mildew.
3. Depth: Plant at the same depth as they were in their pots, with the crown at soil level.

Propagation of Monarda

Monarda can be propagated through seeds, division, or cuttings.

Seeds

1. Sowing: Sow seeds indoors 8-10 weeks before the last frost or directly in the garden after the danger of frost has passed.
2. Germination: Seeds germinate in 14-21 days at temperatures of 21°C (70°F).

Division

1. Timing: Divide plants in early spring or autumn.
2. Method: Dig up the clump and separate it into smaller sections, each with several shoots and roots. Replant immediately.

Cuttings

1. Timing: Take cuttings in late spring or early summer.
2. Method: Cut a 10-15 cm (4-6 inch) stem just below a leaf node. Remove the lower leaves and dip the cut end in rooting hormone before planting in a pot filled with a moist growing medium.

Care for Monarda in the UK

Proper care ensures healthy, blooming Monarda plants.

Watering

Keep the soil consistently moist, especially during dry periods. Water at the base of the plant to avoid wetting the foliage.

Fertilizing

Apply a balanced, slow-release fertilizer in early spring. Over-fertilization can lead to excessive foliage growth with fewer blooms.

Pruning

Deadhead spent flowers to encourage continuous blooming. Cut back the stems to about 15 cm (6 inches) above the ground in late autumn or early spring to promote vigorous growth.

Common Problems and Solutions

Monarda is generally hardy but can face a few issues:

Powdery Mildew

A common problem, especially in humid conditions. Ensure good air circulation, water at the base, and choose mildew-resistant varieties.

Rust

Look for orange or brown pustules on the undersides of leaves. Remove and destroy affected leaves, and avoid overhead watering.

Leaf Spot

Caused by various fungi, it appears as dark spots on leaves. Improve air circulation and apply fungicides if necessary.

Aphids and Spider Mites

These pests can be controlled with insecticidal soap or neem oil. Introduce beneficial insects like ladybirds for natural pest control.

Conclusion

Monarda, with its striking blooms and aromatic foliage, is a delightful addition to any UK garden. By selecting the right variety and following proper growing, propagation, and care techniques, gardeners can enjoy a vibrant display of flowers that attract bees, butterflies, and other pollinators. Stay vigilant for common problems and address them promptly to maintain healthy, thriving plants. With a bit of effort, Monarda can bring both beauty and biodiversity to your garden.